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In Mac OS 9, the System Folder was the OS. Except for a few invisible files (such as the Desktop files), all OS files were in the System Folder where they were easily accessible. In Mac OS X, the entire Unix layer remains largely invisible from the Aqua Finder. Thus, Mac OS X has a sort of secondary OS underneath the visible OS.

1. The Layers of Mac OS X: Aqua

• Running with Scissors developed a remake of Postal, titled Postal Redux, using Unreal Engine 4. The project was announced as Postal: Redux in November 2014, then targeting a 2015 release for Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows. In addition to these platforms, Running with Scissors announced Postal Redux as coming to PlayStation 4 in February 2016.
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There is more than one way to think about dividing up a pizza. First, there is the familiar method of dividing it into slices. Alternatively, you could divide it into layers: topping, cheese, sauce, crust. Theoretically, you could also divide it into its basic ingredients: flour, water, tomatoes, garlic, milk. Each method makes a different contribution to your enjoyment of the pizza. The first method (slices) is best when you're getting ready to eat the pizza; the second is best when you are deciding what to order (such as pepperoni with extra cheese); the third is best if you are concerned about nutrition (needing to know the exact ingredients to calculate calories).

The same is true for Mac OS X. There are multiple ways to look at it and take it apart. Each way makes its own contribution to your understanding of the OS. In this chapter, I look at the major ways to 'take apart' Mac OS X. Having at least a minimal knowledge of Mac OS 9 will help, as I occasionally make comparisons between the two OS versions. But even if you've never used Mac OS 9, you'll be able to follow along.

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In This Chapter

The Layers of Mac OS X: Aqua

The Layers of Mac OS X: Application Environments

Cocoa
Carbon
Classic
Java
Putting it together

The Layers of Mac OS X: Graphics Services

Quartz
Multimedia: OpenGL and QuickTime

The Layers of Mac OS X: Darwin

Mach
BSD (Unix)

Domains: An Overview

System domain
Local domain
User domain
Network domain

The Libraries of Mac OS X: /System/Library

Core Services
CFMSupport
Extensions
Fonts
Frameworks
PreferencePanes
Printers
QuickTime
ScreenSavers
Services
Sounds
StartupItems

The Libraries of Mac OS X: /Library

Application Support
ColorSync
Contextual Menu Items
Desktop Pictures
Documentation
Fonts
Internet Plug-Ins
Modem Scripts
Preferences
Printers
Receipts
StartupItems

The Libraries of Mac OS X: Users/'Home'/Library

Application Support
Caches
Favorites
Font Collections
Fonts
Internet Search Sites
Keychains
Preference Panes
Preferences
Application-specific folders

Fonts in Mac OS X: Font Formats

TrueType fonts
PostScript fonts
OpenType fonts
Bitmap fonts
Identifying font formats

Fonts in Mac OS X: Working with Fonts

Font Panel window
Font smoothing and Mac OS X
International language support: basics
International language support: troubleshooting
Font utilities

The Layers of Mac OS X: Aqua

Aqua is the name given to what most users think of when they think of Mac OS X: the user interface, the Finder, the Dock, the windows, the translucent buttons, the high-resolution icons, the menus, and all the rest. Many users may never explore Mac OS X beyond its Aqua layer.

From this perspective, a user upgrading from Mac OS 9 will feel quite at home, at least initially. Much still works the same way. You still double-click icons in the Finder to launch them; you still choose the Save command from an application's File menu to save a document; you still open a folder icon to see its contents.

But you will soon notice some significant differences: a new column view, a very different Apple menu, the Dock. I discussed the basics in Chapter 3, when I presented an overview of Mac OS X.

Redox is a Unix-likemicrokerneloperating system written in the programming language Rust, which has a strong focus on safety, stability, and high performance.^[4][5][6] Redox aims to be secure, usable, and free. Redox is inspired by prior kernels and operating systems, such as SeL4, MINIX, Plan 9, and BSD. It is similar to GNU and BSD, but is written in a memory-safe language.^[7] It is free and open-source software distributed under an MIT License.

Design[edit]

The Redox operating system is designed to be highly secure.^[4] This is reflected in two main design decisions:

1. Using the programming language Rust for implementation
2. Using a microkernel design, similar to MINIX

Components[edit]

Redox is a full-featured operating system, providing packages (memory allocator, file system, display manager, core utilities, etc.) that together make up a functional operating system. Redox relies on an ecosystem of software written in Rust by members of the project.

• Redox kernel – largely derives from the concept of microkernels, with heavy inspiration from MINIX
• Ralloc – memory allocator
• TFS file system – inspired by the ZFSfile system
• Ion shell – the underlying library for shells and command execution in Redox, and the default shell
• pkgutils – package manager
• Orbital windowing system – display and window manager, sets up the orbital: scheme, manages the display, and handles requests for window creation, redraws, and event polling
• relibc – C standard library

Command-line applications[edit]

Redox supports command-line interface (CLI) programs, including:

• Sodium – vi-like editor that provides syntax highlighting
• Rusthello – advanced ReversiAI; is highly concurrent, serving as proof of Redox's multithreading abilities; supports various AI strategies, such as brute forcing, minimax, local optimizations, and hybrid AIs

Graphical applications[edit]

Redox supports graphical user interface (GUI) programs, including:

• NetSurf – a lightweight web browser which uses its own layout engine
• Calculator – a software calculator which provides functions similar to the Windows Calculator program
• Editor – simple text editor, similar to Microsoft Notepad
• File Browser – a file manager that displays icons, names, sizes, and details for files; uses the launcher command to open files when they are clicked
• Image Viewer – Image viewer for simple file types
• Pixelcannon – 3D renderer, can be used to benchmark the Orbital desktop
• Orbterm – ANSI type terminal emulator

History[edit]

Redox was created by Jeremy Soller and was first published on 20 April 2015 on GitHub.^[8] Since then, it has been developed actively, with contributions by over 40 developers.^[9] On the second anniversary of Redox appearing on GitHub, version 0.2.0 was released.

References[edit]

1. ^'Redox Contributors'. GitLab. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
2. ^'Porting Redox to ARM (AArch64)'. 6 August 2018.
3. ^'What is Redox?'. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
4. ^ ^ab'Redox – Your Next(Gen) Operating System'.
5. ^Weisinger, Dick (4 May 2016). 'Operating Systems: Rust Redox – An Next-Generation Attempt to Plug Linux OS Gaps'. Formtek. Formtek, Inc. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
6. ^Yegulalp, Serdar (21 March 2016). 'Rust's Redox OS could show Linux a few new tricks'. InfoWorld. San Francisco: IDG Communications, Inc. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
7. ^'Redox: A Rust Operating System'.
8. ^Soller, Jeremy (jackpot51) (20 April 2015). 'Initial commit of Rustboot-based OS'. GitHub. GitHub, Inc. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
9. ^'Redox Repository'. GitHub. Retrieved 2016-03-26.

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External links[edit]

• Official website
• Redox on GitHub
• Redox at Open Hub

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